Alha Udal Essay Example for Free

Alha Udal Essay Alha-Udal(from Bhavishya Purana-Part-2) 1 Sootjee said:-â€Å"In vaksara village there lived an abhiri girl named Vratapa. She was fond of doing nava durga vrata in every starting year. She worshipped Chandika Mata for a boon that she asked for herself .She said:-â€Å"Please devi please with my worship and give me a beautiful boon of great child like Valarama and Krishna. Only this I ask from you hey mata swetaishwari†.There lived Vasumaan named king.He saw the abhiri girl and got pleased with her beautifulness. He married her . He begat with her and produce two sons namely Deshraj and Vatsraj . Vatsraj was powerfull and so was Deshraj. Vatsraj’s power was equal to 100 elephants. They won Magadhdesam and they ruled there. There was a Mlechchha king named Satayatta and ruled in Vanaras. His son was strong like bhimasena and always follows his father’s words . He was tall like Taalvriksha(Paam Tree). Therefore his name is Talana.Under his command there is 100s of soldier. By wish Talana came to King Jaichandra for friendship.There came king Jaichandra to Talana but only brought three soldiers with him to test Talana. 2 Soot jee said:-â€Å"In Indraprastha there ruled king Anangapala. To have his own sons he started doing yagya to satisfy lord Shiva. Then lord Siva got pleased with him and king Anangapala got two daughters namely Chandrakanti and Keertimalini. Granddaughter Chandrakanti got married with king Devpala of Kanyakubja and smaller daughter Keertimalini got married with Ajmer king Someshwara.Jai Sharma is Anangapala’s brother who went to Himalayas to do tapasya by this juncture Anangapala gained concentration to rule his empire. Chandrakanti had two sons Jaichandra and Ratnabhanu. Jaichandra was handsome good warrior and with his brother Ratnabhanu won many battles and defeated many kings. Jaichandra ruled east side of Kanyakubja and Ratnabhanu ruled northside of kanyakubja.Jaichandra saw in gauda, banga and other states of maru, sins got expanded. There jaichandra went and punished those sinners of their weightage of sins. Agnivamsa’s lineage was king Gangasimha whose siste r is Biramati. Ratnabhanu got married with her and as prediction of Shiva they got a beautiful child named Lakshman. He was strong enough and  was well known for Khhanda yuddha(Strife war).After seven years Ratnabhanu went to swarga and got pitriloka. Kirtimalini got three sons elder was Dhundukar, middle was Krishna Kumar and small was Prithviraj(Mahiraj and also called some times Bhu raj or Bhupati and Mahipati (not the Mahipati of Mahismati )in the purana). Twelve years they pass their childhood days. When their childhood days were over, Anangapala gave his kingdom and went to Himalaya for tapasya. Dhundukara got Mathura kingdom and Krishnakumara got Ajmer kingdom. All kings obey their parents and always think about their state’s peoples. There were two Kshatriyas who were Chandravamsins namely Pradyota and Vidyota. Pradyota’s son was Parimala and under him was 1 lakh soldiers. Vidyota’s son was Bhishma Simha and he was the senani(captain) of elephantry.When Anangapala died Prithviraj got the kingdom of Indraprastha. He loved his kingdom very much. One day Devi Shakti appeared before him said:-â€Å"Donot conquer the abhiras and extent your kingdom beyond that which may create a big problem in your life and your control for kingdom†. Then Devi disappeared. Jaichandra received two great chandravamsin in his army. By them he made aksahini army. Pradyot, Vidyot and Parimala were mantris of Jaichaichandra and Bhishmashimha got chief of elephantry of King Jaichandra of Kanyakubja. There was a circular shaped kingdom named Mahoba. That kingdom’s king was Mahipati.King Mahipati has two sisters Agama and Malana. He was very upset that till now his sisters were unmarried.He went with marriage welcome to different kingdoms. At last he gave Agama to Prithviraja and Malana to king Parimala. He became happy . After the end of ceremony Prithviraj demanded a fort from king Mahipati. Mahipati then built a fort in Indraprastha. Beyond that fort four caste :Brahmana,Kshatriya,Sudras and Vaishyas living places were also built. That place come to be known as Deholi(Delhi).Prithviraj got control over the village named Deholi. Jaichandra to expand his kingdom took 60 lakh soldier to capture deholi. By that time Prithviraja worshipped Shiv-Shakti for winning and took soldiers for fight. Seeing great number of soldiers in front Prithviraj got afraid. He sent message to Mahipati. Getting the message king Mahipati took 20 lakh soldiers and came to the battle ground. Jaichandra heard the news and warned king Mahipati. Seeing that cleverish chandravamsin arranged extra 20 lakh soldiers and put 60 lakh soldiers in front.by order of kings the war began. By order of Chandravamsin the army  got divided into several parts and attacked deholi soldiers and by this many got injured. Many soldiers of deholi died of unnamed arrows. Seeing that King Mahipati stopped the war. The soldiers of Jaichandra said:-â€Å"Jaichandra is stronger and Prithviraj is fearfull and weaker†. Then Jaichandra said :-â€Å"From today Prithviraj’s state is under my control.† Prithviraja accepted that but in mind he took vow that he will destroy Agnivamsa dynasty.† 3 Sootjee said:-â€Å"One day Ratnabhanu served Prithviraja. By seeing the scene everybody was impressed. Ratnabhanu had a nice necklace which wears by his only wife, the beautiful one Viramati.Prithviraja got awestruck by seeing the necklace.They had son named Lakshana who is stronger.Gangashimha’s second daughter named Divyabibhabari got married with jaichandra. There was a woman slave named Surabha. She was a master of Kama. King Jaichandra was attracted to her. They begat themselves and got a daughter named Samyogini. After 20 years she became the eligible one for marriage. For sayamvara, king Jaichandra arranged everything. He welcomed Prithviraja in that Sabha. He made mind that he will give his daughter to lakshmana only. It for insulting he called Prithviraja.He arranged everything for Kanykubja prince Lakshmana.He called his Brahmin general Chandrabhatta and said:-â€Å"For kanyakubja you built a swarna murti(golden statue) for gift and it will be like Prithviraja.†By hearing this Chandrabhatta went to worship Maa Bhavani to start his work quickly.Jaichandra also invited many kings of different kingdoms.Then the sabha started and chandrabhatta had kept the statue in middle of the sabha.Samyogini saw the statue and got inspired the man and he made his mind that she will marry only the man who is like statue.But in the sabha everybody’s mouth was fulled with name of lakshana. Then Chandrabhatta said to Jaichandra:-â€Å" It was awesome scene outside in our place please sir do observe it†.Jaichandra observed as Chandrabhatta said. From Prithviraj there came 1 lakh elephantry and 7 lakh horse men. 1000 charioters and they are all trained arrow mens.1 lakh foot soldiers in them 1200 mens are with strength . 100s of footsoldiers protecting Prithviraja infront .Hundreds of hundred family member came from Prithviraja in which his wife also was present.King of Kanyakubja Ratnabhanu came there . Dhundukara came with his elephantry.There also came Krishnakumara.They were the doorkeeper seeing that if anybody will do mischief will be sent out of the place.In betwwen  200 km the strenghiest army is being placed.In between there was Jaichandra and Prithviraja who were surrounded by 1 lakh elephantry and 7 lakh foot-soldier. There was 8 lakh soldiers protecting the place.Those surrounding soldiers of Prithviraj were Suklavamsin. Everywhere there was standing soldiers for wars. In Ishana direction there were kurmahara who sat and building the vocal musical equipments.There also present Mahipati, Bhishma Shimha,Parimala and Chandravamsin warriors Pradyot and Vidyot.They were surrounded by foot-soldiers who were ready to do a continue war for five days.There were 10 thousand elephantry and horse were in lakhs. Also present there 5 lakh footsoldiers near them.There present 300 chariots. There present king Ratnabhanu who is protected by 100 elephantry , 3 lakh foot soldiers and 1 lakh horsemen. Thus that place creates an illusion of heaven(Swarga puree) . In one side Sanyogita(Sanyogini also called Samyogini) was thinking of getting Prithviraja as her husband.She heared of the name coming around the sabha was lakshana and she saw lakshana was not the person alike the statue.Therefore she became sad and again and again calling Mahadeva and Mahadeva in mind.MahaDeva got pleased with her and released Maya on Prithviraja. Prithviraja got deluded in the maya and looked over Sanyogita and got attracted to her beautifulness. He then arrived towards her and by seeing him she got fainted.He took up her body and arranged all soldiers of him which he brought into the sabha. He forcefully took the body of Sanyogita and fled to his country Deholi with all of his Deholi soldiers. When these news reached to ear of everyone present in the sabha , there started a chaos. Then king Jaichandra kept half of the soldiers in entrance of the state and his house. His soldier chieftain chandravamsin brothers Pradyot and Vidyot reorganize the rest half of the soldiers present in the state.They all declared war on Prithviraja and came to Kurukshetra region for the war.Suddenly the war began.Horsemen fought with Horsemen and elephantry fought their opponent’s elephantry.It started to build a fearful in shape. In the end of the day they lost their strong soldiers.They all feared and with King’s order they stopped the fight and took their respective places to spend the night. In morning with the order of Pradyot , they began the fight with chieftains of Deholi.Vallama(a pointed metal headed weapon) sounded with opponent’s Vallama. Dhundukara continuously shot arrow towards Pradyot. The well-known Varuna-astra when  struck to Pradyot he got senseless and fell down.There came Dhundukara and put pradyot to death.In that mament Krishnakumara was doing war with elephantry.By angry mood Krishnakumara shot Surya-ashtra. With that divine arrow many got dead.Vidyot also died from that arrow with his soldiers.Ratnabhanu then came to that pace and started the fight.Then Prithviraja arranging 1000 elepnahtry and went to do war with Lakshana.With Shiva’s boon King Prithviraja was strong and agry with Bishmasimha and Parimala he shot fearful Rudra-astra to Lakshana.To save Lakshana Ratnabhanu went there and took the arrow in his body and got fainted and fell down.The illusion of Rudra-ashtra had deluded Dhundukara which is seen by his brother Prithviraja. He then to cut off the illusion shot Vaishnava-astra.Therefore by maya-cutter vaishnava-ashtra Ratnabhanu also got his sense.He got up and fought with Krishnakumara violently.Both were dead under the paws of elepha nt.Others were died by naga-ashtra(snake creating arrow) and Kharga(rounded shaped big knife).Many paths opened in the fierce full war but the path of winning is still very far. After the end of the day the deadbodies of great warriors were carried off in their resting region region. The soldiers of Kanyakubja when saw teir king was dead they got feared.About five lakh died soldier’s wives were present there crying in grief ,falling and fainting by seeing their family membersare dead. Kings of both side got fear by the scene .Ratnabhanu and those who were dead were cremated by hidu dharma(were burnt in fire).The army of Jaichandra want to surrender themselves in the next morning to Prithviraja.When Suryadeva appeared in the morning and it’s rays fall every-where. Both-sided flags were raised again. Bhishmasimha, Parimala and Lakshmana were in sadness as their fathers were dead.They came out and laid friendship with Dhundukara.There army of Prithviraja sang Prithviraja won and king Jaichandra lost. Therefore Jaichandra and others laid friendship with Deholi king Prithviraj. Jaichandra of kanyakubj and Deholi king started a big ceremony with happiness in mind. 4 Sootjee said:-â€Å"In ganga dynasty the first worshipped god is Indra. Bhishmasimha also after birth ,started to worship Indra.(Shakra deva).Oneday he started to do strong tapasya of Indra by worshipping Surya deva.He prayed:-â€Å"Please god give me a divya (magical) boon and please with my  prayer god Indra!†.Indra got pleased and gave him a divne female deer(divya harini).Bhishmasimha was very happy with this and every day to satisfy Indradeva praised Indra with his stotra(prayer) and meditate on him.One day king Parimala was very sad because his father was dead.He praise the earth and stated to worship Shiva.Shiva to examine him gave him a strong disease named Sarparoga.After five months went the strength of the king Parimala broke down.† He knows that if he did pray lord Shiva in mind , many strong diseases will get vanished.Therefore he did not stop praying lord shiva in mind.With his fatal health,king took his own family to Kashi.Under the banyan tree they spend their night.King said in mind :-â€Å"Your name is always in my mind†.Hearing this beautiful words lord shiva took form of snake and went there.King to get well praising shiva again and again falling on the floor of kashi temple saying:-â€Å"If you lord did not remove the disease from my body,I will not drink water and take food†.Hearing this lord shiva immediately healed the disease.The happiness got filled in his mind and body.Expressing the happiness he said everybody present there what had happened to him and how did he got cured? . Then king Parimala tells to bring oil to bath Shiv linga.†Sootjee then said :-â€Å"Who will hear this story will get cured from sins attached to body.† Sootjee said:-â€Å"Painting a picture of snake bearing shiva in mind,king Parimala started bathing linga of Shiva situated in Kashi temple.The the king did Sashtanga pranayama- mudra to praise lord Shiva.His wife gave Bhoga(a hindu belief of giving food to god ,so that god may eat and touch the food and make it a divine one) to Lord Shiva. Then King sarted to praise shiva with this stotra:- â€Å"Thatho jaatam sayam lingam mam gushtavyam sanatanam. Jyoti rupam sarva laksha samanvitam. Nishi thhe tha maththadadha the dikshu suryatvam aagatham.† By this for one month of worship king pleased lord Shiva.He painted lord Shiva in mind to please Shiva.Having pleased with king lord Shiva appeared before him and told to ask a boon from him.By hearing this King Parimala said:-â€Å"if you god truly pleased with me then please stay in my house always.†Shiva blessed him with the boon and vanished in the linga.Every day king distribute gold to peoples.Having pleasing everybody king with happy mind went to mahavati-puree.Every-body was astonished to see the fully cured king.After the end of the year he went to the state of kanyakubja to meet king Jaichandra.Seeing king Parimala everybody got happy and  over-joyed.Every body is seeing the miraculous king who had cured the fatal disease.Seeing the cured king Raja jaich andra was also overjoyed.He said to Parimala:-â€Å"The peace will not stay for so long in the states and you caused happiness to every of my subjects also me ,hence I assure you of future help when you will be in need. †By hearing the pleasant assurance of help from King Jaichandra, King Parimala went to his kingdom.† Sootjee continued :-â€Å"To get boon Lakshmana everyday worship Lord Vishnu and every day pray by these words:-â€Å"I you were not there ,I may not be alive today.You are the real protector O Vishnu!.Please give me a divya (divine) vahana(carriage,in hindu, an animal who used to carry men from one place to another) by which every enemy can be destroyed easily.†Then Jagannath dev from his leg created a divine chariot carried by elephant named airavat sent it to lakshman through king.After that with everybody king Parimala went to Mahavati puree.There great Talana the son of king Venarasa was drinking a sweet intoxicating drink made of honey. Mahavatee puree’s king Mahipati was sitting in his own place.Then Talana went there and said to king :-â€Å" Hey rajan please kind with me and give me what I want.†At the end of the month the great Talana repeated the same word,then rajan realized of his want.To please him and to remove sadness from his mind he went to Venaras and gave the kingdom to Talana after consulting to Venras king Satayatta. Mahipati then came to his home and gave a fort to Deshraj and Vatsraj ,the abhiri kings .That fort was situated in between mountains and decorated with flowers ,creepers.The gentle winds blows there making the place lively. The two sons :- Vatsraj and Deshraj was like his parents strong and brave. Then Talana the mlechcha king of venaras having declared as Yuvaraj of his kingdom was very happy.He was fond of Rakshashas. Therefore he called the mlechchas of his kingdom to have a great ceremony in mahavati puree for worship of May danava(a famous danava created by Vishnu,does works like Vishwakarman in rakshasha kula and a famous character in Ramayana).To attained that ceremony there came Deshraj and Vatsraj after crossing mountains.Many kings came to attained the ceremony.There present 60,000 warriors surrounding Talana.There present ministers,brothers,and kings who are chandravamsins.Everyone praising the great Talana. 5 Sootjee said:-There was a king named Jambuka ruled in Mahismati who is  freared of Prithviraj .With prince Kaliya he lived in the place which is situated near Narmada river.He is the friend and general of Prithviraj.King Jambuka does worship of the earth and different dev devis(god and goddesses) .Then he started to do worship of lord Shiva.For want of boon King Jambuka everyday does worship of Lord Shiva. The king said:-â€Å"Hey Mahadev what boon you want you give it to me.†Then Lord Shiva appeared before him and said:-â€Å"Hey king you are the best worshipper of me.Let you and your soldiers be undefeated.†The lord Shiva disappeared.The Rajan to show his love towards Lord Shiva ,he went to Maheshwaram teerth with his prince Kaliya and took his soldiers there. Seeing the beauty of the place everybody got wonderstruck and they all praised that place. Rajan said:-â€Å"Everyday we must worship Pritri deva† and by saying this he went to ganga for tarpan(an hinduic tribute to pitri deva i.e forefathers) .King said :-â€Å"hey pitri dev please keep my body and soul purified†.By doing sradhdhic tarpan rajan praised Mata Ganga with vidhis the king went to his own house.Kaliya’s sister name is Vijayasini.Kaliya asked his sister :-â€Å"what should I give you that is beautiful and precious in your eyes†. Then his sister said:-â€Å"Give me necklace and precious jewels.†Kaliya then went with lakhs of horsemen and did bath in ganga.Then after doing bath in ganga implying all vidhis(rituals) he gave many danas(gifts) to brahmanas. Afterbathing, Kaliya looks for the necklace, first in Kanyakubja (Kanauj), but learns Kanauj is wealthless.He saw king is strong but the state is filled with dues and there is shortage of wealth. Then he then learns to attack Mahoba as he saw that Mahoba is filled of wealth and j ewels.Prince Kaliya then went with 1 lakh Horse men to Mahavatee puree to get necklace and jewels for his siter.There went general Mahisena with king and his soldiers and warned that to give all the wealth they has or fight with them. Mahipati got feared and called Lord Shiva again and again saying either you give welth or please protect me and my soldiers from wrath of king Jambuka.Then Lord Shiva appeared and said to king :-â€Å"Hey king please say the thousand names of Mata Chandika to protect you and your Soldiers.†Then king said the thousand names of Mata Chandika and protected him and his soldiers.Then kings send his generals for fight.He took help of Kanyakubj ruler Jaichandra. Another side for not getting their demand Mahisena and his soldiers get ready to fight.Then king Jaichandra came to fight with the soldiers.There came Deshraj with thousand Naga  warriors.There came Vatsraj with 16000 horsemen.At last came the soldiers of big Talana.There started a fierce full war between them.It goes on till night.Jaichandra was about to win the war. Suddenly there entered the friend of Prithviraja, Jambuka with soldiers of mahismati.The soldiers,Kaliya and king Jambuka went everywhere and started fighting .Jambuka went middle of the battlefield with half of the soldiers and put Mahadeva(Lord Shiva’s) Moha(illusive) arrow in his bow and shot it to the opponent soldiers. The arrow is full of Sidhdha mantra by which the opponent soldiers fell down to ground.Then with sword they started to kill the opponent soldiers. The soldiers of mahismati started to praise their king.Everywhere spread fear.There came Bhisma Shimha with soldiers.With Surya-datta(Surya-astra) arrow he cut of the maya i.e illusion. Then everybody of his friendly soldiers got up but getting their senses.Then taking sword they cut off the opponent’s soldier’s body. Many fall senseless,other got pressed under the paws of elephant and many got wounded by number of arrows.Then mahismati soldiers accumulated themselves and started fating with opponents.Sword tore and fell to the ground and many got killed and fell to the ground.There came big Talana and stared stomping over his opponent and tearing them apart with sword. He defeated his opponent Kaliya and his soldiers.Many got killed and King jambuka was injured and fall to the ground. With very strength he prayed to sankara(shiva).By that time both side’s half of his soldiers are dead.Shiva spread his maya.Then King Jambuka got up and gathered his half of his soldiers and went from the battlefield.Thus king Parimala defeated his opponents.Everybody sang of their win.Seeing they have won the battle Jaichandra was surprised. Talana organized their half of the army. Then Bhishma Shima went to his house. After five months all kings went to house Bhishmasimha. Because his wife ,the daughter of Gurjara(gujrat)king named Ravyadaalasaa gave birth to a divine child .Every king gave number of wealth to Bhisma-simha.By the order of lord shiva the portion of Sahadeva took birth in the house of Bhismashimha.The child’s name is Deva-simha, a well-known warrior and knowledge-able person of the future.

Singing in the Rain Essay -- essays research papers

The hit musical "Singin' in the Rain" may possibly be one of if not the greatest musicals of all time. With it's tale of the film world of the mid 1920's and its creative underlining love story between Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly) and Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), it provokes the interest of someone who would not generally be attracted to a musical. It is a classic masterpiece that set the standards that musical films of today will be judged by. It is a classic performance by the great Gene Kelly and displays outstanding performances by Debbie Reynolds and Donald O'Connor. As well as starring in this brilliant movie, Gene Kelly teams up with Stanley Donen to make their mark in film history. In my opinion, what set the stage for the level of entertainment that this movie contains is the opening scene. The opening scene set the role of sarcasm in the movie and gave the movie an immediate sense of humor. Four individual parts of movie making come together in this film to create a dynamic opening sequence. The basic principles of sound, editing, mise en scene, and cinematography collectively give this opening sequence a memorable quality that is without match. The opening of Singin' in the Rain takes place at the opening of the new movie "The Royal Rascal" starring Don Lockwood and Lena Lamont. There are famous people all around and their fans are loving every second of it. The fans' faces are full of joy and awe as their favorite actors and actresses enter the large building that will soon be showing the new movie. Soon, the two people that everyone in Hollywood is dying to see, appear in their stretched Rolls Royce and bring the crowd to its feet. As Lockwood and Lamont exit their luxurious ride they are received lovingly by everyone. They walk to the front of the building and are introduced to the crowd. Then the question is posed to Mr. Lockwood, "How did it all begin?" The answering of this question is what my paper will explain. I will attempt to break down the opening scene and show how it all started. By using tools of film such as sound, editing, mise en scene, and cinematography, this paper will show how the scene was made as well. Mise en scene played an important role in this movie as with any other movie. The properties of mise en scene were fully effective in the beginning flashback scene. At the beginning of Don Lockw... ...nd that the superimposed duo were taken from. They proceed to dance for a couple of minutes and when they are finished there is no reaction. There is a cut and we see a point-of-view shot in terms of Don and Cosmo to see that the audience is booing. This is the last scene before they actually get to Hollywood. Singin' in the Rain is the musical that all other musicals should be judged by. It tells a story that only others had dreamed of telling. Donald O'Connor, Debbie Reynolds and the great Gene Kelly help give one of the greatest performances of all times in a musical. With the help of superb editing, sound, mise en scene, and cinematography, this film cannot be topped. The fist scene of the movie creates an atmosphere that helps the viewer know that he/she will enjoy this wonderful classic. Throughout the movie there are surprises and fun that makes this a movie that people will want to watch again and again. Gene Kelly said it best when he said, "Dignity, always dignity." That is what this movie has from beginning to end, dignity. The best thing we could possibly do is forget about our worries and just start Singin' in the Rain. Courtesy of Chew (1995) U. of Maryland

Cyber Crime

Crime   is   on   the   rise   just   about   everywhere   these   days,   but   nowhere   has   this   up   rise   in   crime   become   more   apparent   than   in   cyber   space.   Like   so   many   other   aspects   of   our   lives,   major   fraud   has   gone   high   tech.The   FBI   estimates   that   businesses   alone   lose   an   upwards   of   $1.5   trillion   annually   as   a   direct   result   of   cyber   crimes.   The   number   of   these   crimes   has   tripled   in   the   past   two   years   and   the   numbers   continue   to   climb.   (O’Leary   &   O’Leary)   p. 287Through   the   duration   of   this   essay   we   will   be   embarking   on   a   journey   into   the   dark   and   seedy   world   of   cyber   crime.   Within   this   text   you   will   find,   the   definition   of   cyber   crime,   the   most   typical   types   of   cyber   criminals,   as   well   as   the   most   common   forms   of   cyber   crime.The   exact   definition   of   cyber   crime   is   still   evolving.   (   www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htm   ).   Cyber   crime,   or   computer   crime,   is   an   extremely   broad   term.   This   term   is   most   commonly   used   to   describe   criminal   activity   committed   where   a   computer   or   network   is   the   source,   tool,   or   target   of   a   crime.   Like   traditional   crime,   cyber   crime   can   take   many   shapes   and   occur   at   any   time   or   any   place.When   an   individual   is   the   main   target   of   cyber   crime,   the   computer à ‚  can   be   considered   a   tool   rather   than   the   target.   These   crimes   generally   involve   less   technical   expertise   as   the   damage   done   manifests   itself   in   the   real   world.   In   these   types   of   cases   the   damage   dealt   is   primarily   psychological.By   now   many   of   us     are   all   too   familiar   with   spam.   Spam   or   spamming   refers   to   the   abuse   of   electronic   messaging   systems   to   send   unsolicited   bulk   messages indiscriminately.   While   the   most   widely   recognized   form   of   spam   is   e-mail   spam,   the   term   can   also   be   applied   to   similar   abuses   in   other   media.Some   of   these   abuses   include;   instant   messaging   spam,   web   search   engine   spam,   s pam   in   blogs,   wiki   spam,   mobile   phone   messaging   spam,   social   networking   spam,   as   well   as   internet   forum   spam. As   applied   to   email,   specific   anti-spam   laws   are   relatively   new,   however   limits   on   unsolicited   electronic   communications   have   existed   in   some   forms   for   some   time.Another   common   crime   plauging   cyber   space   is   identity   theft.   Internet   identity   theft   is   different   from   common   identity   theft   in   a   few   different   ways.   Common   identity   theft   is   different   from   common   identity   theft   takes   place   after   something   is   physically   stolen   from you   like   a   wallet   containing   credit   cards   and   a   driver’s   license   or   an   un-shredded   credit   card   statement from   your   garbage   bin.The   thief   would   take   these   stolen   articles   and   use   them   to   make   a   fraudulent   purchase   or   something   of   that  Ã‚   nature. Internet   identity   theft   can   be   much   more   devastating   than   conventional   identity   theft   at   times   due   to   the   fact   that   most   victims   of   internet   identity   theft   are   completely   unaware   that   anything   has   been   stolen   from   them   until   it   is   far   too   late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gone   are   the   days   when   we   had   to   step   outside   to   purchase   our   groceries,   book   flights,   and   vacations,   or   simply   transfer   money   between   bank   accounts.Today,   we   can   simply   grab   our   checkbooks,   debit   cards   or   credit   cards,   sit   down   at   a   computer   in   the   comfort   and   safety   of   our   home,   and   complete   these   transactions   with passwords   and   PIN   numbers.Thanks   to   advances   in   technology,   the   types of   transactions   we   can   now   complete   online   are   virtually   endless.   Unfortunately,   the   increase   in   online transactions   has   been   accompanied   byà ‚   an   increase   in   online   identity   theft.   Fraudulent   access   to   personal information   over   the   internet   is   increasingly   prevalent   and   sophisticated.Two   forms   of     identity   theft   are   at   the   forefront   of   this   internet   piracy are   phishing   and   pharming.     Both   pharming   and   phishing   are   methods   used   to   steal   personal   information   from   unsuspecting   people   over   the   internet.   Phishing   typically   involves   fraudulent   bulk   email   messages   that   guide   recipients   to   (legitimate   looking)   fake   web   sites   and   try   to get   them   to   supply   personal   information   like   account   passwords.   Pharming   is   in   many   ways   similar   to   phishing.Pharmers   also   send   emails.   The   consumer,   however,   can   be   duped   by   the   pharmer   without   even opening   an   email   attachment.   The   consumer   compromises   his   personal   financial   information   simply   by opening   the   email   message.The   pharming   email   message   contains   a   virus   that   installs   a   small   software   program   on   the   end   user’s   computer.   Subsequently,   when   the   consumer   tries   to visit   an   official   web   site,   the   pharmer’s   software   program   redirects   the   browser   to   the   pharmer’s   fake   version   of   the   web   site.   This   allows   the   pharmer   to   capture   the   personal   financial   information that   the   consumer   enters   into   the   counterfeit   web   site,   and   the   consumer’s   a ccount   is   again   compromised.The   latest   form   of   pharming   does   not   require   email   at   all.   Password   stealing   Trojan   horses   can   attack   through   Microsoft   Messenger   where   key loggers   are   run.   Key loggers   are   viruses   that   track   a   user’s   keystrokes   on   legitimate   sites   and   steal   passwords,   allowing   a   thief   to   have   access   to   a   consumer’s   password   for   future   fraudulent   transactions.The   most   common   blunder   people   make   when   the   topic   of   a   computer   virus   arises   is   to   refer   to   a worm   or   Trojan   horse   as   a   virus.   While   the   words   Trojan,   worm   and   virus   are   often   used   interchangeably,   they   are   not   exactly   the   same.à ‚  Viruses,   worms   and   Trojan   horses   are   all   malicious   programs that   can   cause   damage   to   your   computer,   but   there   are   differences   among   the   three,   and   knowing   those   differences   can   help   you   to   better   protect   your   computer   from   their   often   damaging   effects.A   computer   virus   attaches   itself   to   a   program   or   file   enabling   it   to   spread   from   one   computer   to another,   leaving   infections   as   it   travels.   Like   a   human   virus,   a   computer   virus   can   range   in   severity. Some   viruses   may   cause   only   mildly   annoying   effects   while   others   can   damage   your   hardware,   software   or   files.Almost   all   viruses   are   attached   to   an   executable   file ,   which   means   the   virus   may   exist   on   your computer,   however,   it   may   not   actually   infect   your   computer   unless   you   run   or   open   the   malicious   program.  It   is   important   to   note   that   a   virus   cannot   be   spread   without   human   action,   such   as   running an   infected   program   in   order   to   keep   it   going.   People   continue   the   spread   of   a   computer   virus,   mostly unknowingly,   by   sharing   infecting   files   or   sending emails   viruses   as   attachments   in   the   email.In   summary,   the   same   types   of   fraud   schemes   that   have   victimized   consumers   and   investors   for   many years   before   the   creation   of   the   internet   are   now   appearing   online.  In   the   process,   they   not   only   cause   harm   to   consumers   and   investors,   but   also   undermine   consumer   confidence   in   legitimate   e-commerce   and   the   internet.People   who   commit   cyber   crime   are   cyber   criminals.   Like   cyber   crime,   cyber   criminals   can   take   many   forms.   These   criminals   are   typically   terrorists,   child   predators,   members   of   organized   crime,   employees,   outside   users,   hackers   and   crackers.   It   is   important   to   point   out   the   difference   between   hackers   and   crackers.   Hackers   are   individuals   who   gain   unauthorized   access   to   a   computer   system   simply   for   the   thrill of   it.   Crackers   do   the   same   thing,   but   for   malicious   purposes.Computer   hackin g   is   most   common   among   teenagers   and   young   adults,   although   there   are   many older   hackers   as   well.   Many   hackers   are   true   technology   buffs   who   enjoy   learning   more   about   how computers   work   and   consider   computer   hacking   an   art   form.   They   often   enjoy   programming   and   have expert   level   skills   in   one   particular   program.For   these   individuals,   computer   hacking   is   a   real   life   application   of   their   problem   solving   skills.   It   is   perceived   as   a   chance   to   demonstrate,   or   showcase   their abilities,   and   talents,   and   not   an   opportunity   to   harm   others.Cracking   is   the   act   of   breaking   into   a   computer   system,   often   on   a   network.   Cont rary   to   popular   belief,   crackers   are   hardly   mediocre   hackers.  Ã‚   Computer   hackers   were   early   pioneers   of   computing.   These   early   pioneers   were   frantically   dedicated   to   inventing   and   exploring   how   things   worked.   As   a   part   of   the   sixties   generation,   these   hackers   were   also   prone   toward   being   anti-establishment   and   somewhat   disrespectful   towards   property   rights.Eventually   a   pair   of   these   hackers,   Steve   Wozniak   and   Steven   Jobs,   hacked   together   the   first   commercially   successful   personal   computer,   the   Apple.   The   sixties   generation   hackers   flooded   this   new   industry   and   many   quickly   attained   positions   of   wealth   and   authority   creating   the   inf ormation   communications   ecology   that   dominates   Western   life.   Meanwhile,   two   things   happened.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A   new   generation   of   hackers   emerged.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The   world   economic   and   social   order   went   completely   digital,   and   so   crime   as   we   know   it   went   digital   as   well.It   is   somewhere   at   the   interstices   of   the   new   generation   of   alienated   young   hackers   ( they   sometimes   refer   to   themselves   as   Ã¢â‚¬Å"cyberpunks† )   and   the   world   of   sometimes   organized   crime   that   we   locate the   concept   of   the   cracker.   The   term   is,   to   some   degree,   an   attempt   by   the   now   established   older-generation   hackers   to   separate   themselves   from   computer   crime.The   debate   still   rages   as   to   what   constitutes   the   difference   between   hacking   and   cracking.   Some   say   that   cracking   represents   any   and   all forms   of   rule   breaking   and   illegal   activity   using   a   computer.   Others   would   define   cracking   only   as   particularly   destructive   criminal   acts.  Others   would   claim   that   the   early   hackers   were   explicitly   anarchistic   and   that   acts   of   willful   destruction   against   Ã¢â‚¬Å"the   system†   have   a   place   in   the   hacker   ethos,   and   that   therefore   the   term   cracker   is   unnecessary   and   insulting.This   concludes   our   journey   into   the   world   of   cyber   crime.   Through   the   course   of   our   journey   we   have   successfully   defined   cyber   crime,   identified   typical   cyber   criminals,   and   discussed   some   of  Ã‚   the   most   common   forms   of   cyber   crime.The   effects   of   cyber   crime   are   far   reaching.   It   would   be   a   difficult   task   to   find   someone   who   has   never   been   affected   by   malicious   internet   activity,   or   who   does   not at   the   very   least   know   someone   who   has   been   negatively   impacted   by   cyber   criminals.  Advances   in internet   technology   and   services   continue   to   open   up   innumerable   opportunities   for   learning,   networking and   increasing   productivity.   However,   malware   authors,   spammers   and   phishers   are   also   rapidly   adopting   new   and   varied   attack   vectors .If   the   internet   is   to   become   a   safer   place,   it   is   imperative   to   understand   the   trends   and   developments   taking   place   in   the   internet   threat   landscape   and   maintain   online security   practices.   Internet   threats   continue   to   increase   in   volume   and   severity.It   is   important   that   computer   users   are   on   guard   in   order   to   make   themselves   less   vulnerable   to   risks   and   threats.   Staying on   top   of   the   trends   and   developments   taking   place   in   online   security   is   critical   for   both   industry   researchers   and   all   computer   users   alike.  References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O’Leary,   T. J. ,   &   O’Leary   L.   I.   (   2008   ) .   Computing   essentials   introductory    2008.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New   York:   The   McGraw-Hill   Companies.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cyber   Crime.   (   2008   ) .   Types   of   cyber   crime.   Retrieved   September   27th   ,   2008 ,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From   http://www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htm

Overpopulation

â€Å"Human population is growing like never before. We are now adding one billion people to the planet every 12 years. That's about 220,000 per day. † Overpopulation is one of the worst problems the world is facing today because we’re running out of resources; it’s increasing poverty and increasing pollution. At this rate of population growth, Overpopulation is excessive population of an area to the point of overcrowding, depletion of natural resources, or environmental deterioration.A huge problem that comes with overpopulation is depleting resources. As the population is now, â€Å"one out of every seven people alive, go to bed hungry. † and â€Å"About one billion people lack access to sufficient water for consumption, agriculture and sanitation. † As our population grows those statistics are going to get worst and worst and so will our quality of living. The air quality is also decreasing. â€Å"Childhood asthma rates have risen dramatically i n the past 20 years†. The more people there are the pollution and waste.Many other vital resources are decreasing such as: oil, gas, and other fuel. There are many different causes of overpopulation but one of the main ones is a decline in death rate and an incline in birth rate. If the number of children born each year equals the number of adults that die, then the population will stabilize but since our medicine has become so advanced and because of other factors people are living longer and more children are being born. It is all way out of proportion. Another cause is religious beliefs.Some religions believe that procreation is essential and therefore families have as many children as they feel they could care for. One more cause is the lack of knowledge. Facts about reproduction, protection and birth control are lacking (especially among young adults). Right now overpopulation doesn’t seem like a big problem but if it stays on the path that it is on it will be a hu ge problem that our great grandchildren will be forced to face head on. Resources could become scarce which could also lead to conflict between countries and possibly war.The amount of pollution could increase so much it could cause serious environmental destruction. Also the cost of living will go up which will cause unemployment, which will lead to more poverty! Natural habitats will disappear along with the millions of species living within them just to provide more living space for humans. The whole world could become one hugely populated, poverty-stricken, resource less, polluted city if nothing is done. There are ways people can help stabilize the world’s population.One is to better educate people about this global problem and also about reproduction. â€Å"Imparting sex education to young kids at elementary level should be must. † Also, tax benefits should be given to married couples that have single or two children. Raising awareness about the effects of overpo pulation could help lead to ZPG (zero population growth). ZPG is the main goal and if we all come together more aware we can little by little help save the world. Overpopulation is a global problem; lets start treating it like one.

Clear Cutting and Ethical Environmental Issues Essays

Clear Cutting and Ethical Environmental Issues Essays Clear Cutting and Ethical Environmental Issues Essay Clear Cutting and Ethical Environmental Issues Essay There was no selective logging, Just cut everything down and send it to the saw mills. As a result of this careless practice erosion was created and plants were no longer able to grow in the soil. Mud washed down Into fresh water streams that was used for washing, drinking, and cooking and contaminated the water from the excess silt deposits that are left behind. Often newly planted trees are not allowed to mature before they are harvested. Some companies only wait twenty years before clear cutting the same area as before. This creates a problem as the trees are not given the chance to grow. It is common sense that if these companies would wait another couple decades they loud get a bigger harvest from the trees and they would not have to cut as many trees down. Whenever logging companies choose to use the same types of trees to replace what they have cut down they run the risk of the entire new forest becoming riddled with disease and insects that thrive off of the types of trees that have been planted. When the diseases start to appear it does not take long before all of the newly planted trees become sick and die. Now the land becomes unusable to the logging companies so they Just abandon It. Not all countries replant what they cut, ND Costa Rica Is a Prime example of this. In Costa Rica the laws of clear cutting are very lenient and logging companies take advantage of this fact. In Costa Rica, until only about 15 years ago, you could secure free land by Improving it. The easiest way to improve the land was to chop down the forest. The forest was considered wasted or unused land. In fact, Costa Rica had to pass laws to prevent squatters from having the right to take over land that was being allocated for reforestation, because it seemed to them to be neglected. (Echo World 2009) Logging companies in Costa Rica re known for clearing a large area in order to get to a small amount of trees that are profitable, while the unprofitable trees are left there to rot. American logging companies are not innocent either. There has been some question to their ethics when it comes to protecting endangered species. In 1986, a worried environmentalist group petitioned the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the owl as an endangered species, a move that would bar the timber Industry from clearing these lands. In June 1990, after years of heated negotiation and litigation between he government, environmentalists, and the timber industry, the northern spotted owl was clearer a attendee species. Unaware tens prolongs, toddler companies are required to leave at least 40% of the old-growth forests intact within a 1. 3 mile radius of any spotted owl nest or activity site, a provision that is vehemently opposed by the timber industry. Industry representatives claim that the measure will leave thousands of Northwest loggers and mill workers Jobless, and insist that such protectionist policies thoughtlessly fail to take into account the dire economic consequences of preservation. Environmentalists, on the other hand, argue that society has a fundamental obligation to preserve this rare species and the wilderness it inhabits (Andre Velasquez 1991) However with all of the negative press that the logging industry receives, there are some positive aspects to clear cutting. Logging jobs pay very well and can spring new life into an area that has suffered economically. When a logging operation sets up in a town it might not always bring new Jobs to the area, but it does bring in new money for the area. The loggers need a place to stay at restaurant and stores to get food from, and basic necessities are deed as well. Unfortunately some places of business might become unethical when a logging company comes to their town. They might raise prices in order to make a larger profit from the loggers, the town may relax some of the laws to suit the loggers, and an example of this would be a dry town now sells alcohol to suit the loggers. Another positive aspect of clear cutting is called forest management. By allowing logging companies to clear cut certain areas of forest, new growth from seedlings that have struggled to grow but could not now can because the forest nappy is now opened and light is able to shine down to the forest floor. This can allow certain species of trees and shrubs that were heading for extinction to thrive as they now can get the sunlight and water that they so desperately needed, but were denied due to the forest heavy canopy. The future of clear cutting seems to be bleak. While clear cutting is the cheapest and fastest way to cut timber it appears to be going out with forest management replacing it. It appears that the practice of clear cutting does more harm than it does good. There is some good news for the true though, and that comes in the form of domesticating trees. Just like corn has been domesticated to meet certain need, so will trees. According to Jennifer Actuator (2009), scientists are working on gene manipulation to grow trees that can grow faster and bigger for specific purposes such as making furniture or plywood, and be able to grow trees much like a crop is grown for more efficient use of limited land space. While there are clear disadvantages to clear cutting, it has come a long way since we first started this practice; it still clearly needs work.

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example History is replete with such instances including the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-1949 and the Balkan Crisis which ended in the breaking up of former Yugoslavia into Croat, Serb, and Bosnian states. The problem with the brokered peace in such wars is that multi-lateral agreements stem from frivolous motives. The author argues that the UN would be better off assisting the strong overcome the weak for lasting peace. Instead the peace making efforts only add to the continuity of the war by encouraging the weaker forces to remain as refugees and make for potential outbreaks of hostility, as is seen in Rwanda. The UN peace keeping forces are usually ineffective in ensuring a lasting peace through the proper use of force and the usual outcome of UN and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) peace keeping efforts is the creation of refugee nations, as is the case with Palestinians living in scattered refugee camps in the Middle-East. It is in these refugee camps that resentment of their plight and the respite provided by the peace keeping efforts that lengthens the conflict. There should be the political will not to unnecessarily intervene in wars. Powerful nations like the United States of America should discourage multi-lateral efforts to bring about peace. New rules should be created to ensure that refugee relief by the UN does not allow the creation of refugee camps, but instead repatriation, local absorption, and emigration should be encouraged to prevent any permanency of the refugee camps. These measures may seem perverse but in keeping with the paradoxical logic that wars bring peace. The strength of this article lies in its highlighting of the ineffectiveness of the peace making efforts by the UN and international bodies, whereby there is hardly any resolution the war remain, but instead it creates permanency to the presence of conflict in a

Managers Responsibility in Setting Tone and Expectations in Hospital Assignment

Managers Responsibility in Setting Tone and Expectations in Hospital Setting - Assignment Example The paper tells that beyond an iota of doubt, the hospital’s success depends on the level of teamwork and participation invested by various stakeholders. The manager, in consideration of the above fact, needs to awaken to his or her duty as the tone-setter for the team. Considering the team, specifically to include nurses, doctors, administrative staff, lab assistants, support staff and other workers in the hospital setting, the hospital manager has a lot to do in respect of setting expectations and the tone. The manager should realize that his/her weaknesses and faults can easily be magnified within the team. Even though the manager should lead by example, this is no guarantee that their staff will behave positively or that performance will automatically be impressive as a result. However, it must be noted that leading by example increases the chances of having positive results and encouraging positive behavior as noted by Schulz and Johnson. The manager should take time to l isten to other people’s views and abstain from being judgmental. Yet again, he/she should honor their commitments and be interested in his staff members. Furthermore, they should be flexible, calm under pressure, effective in addressing issues, and open-minded and flexible. In addition, they should be respectful to others and work toward increasing productivity and meeting deadlines. Honesty, timeliness, optimism, and integrity should be part of the manager’s delights. The manager should be result oriented, be positively interactive and value meetings and other vital events. By setting the tone in this manner, employees are bound to follow suite, in some cases with a few exceptions. Expectations that the Manager should Communicate Understanding what mangers expect from employees is vital for improved performance, good employee relations and employee success. Saville and Higgins (2010) note that without clear work expectations, employees would waste a lot of effort due to lack of or misplaced priorities, endure a lot of stress and waste a lot of time doing unnecessary chores. They also note that when the manger defines clearly job expectations and communicate this to employees, they get to understand what is expected of them. They also understand the reasons why they are doing the work as directed. Furthermore, they get to understand how work progress and realize at the right time when to ask for assistance. This also helps employees in knowing areas where they need to make improvements (Saville and Higgins, 2010). One of the expectations that a hospital manger should